Imaging element and imaging apparatus

ABSTRACT

An imaging element comprises a photoelectric conversion unit formed in a pixel region and configured to convert light into electrical charge. Further, the imaging element includes a transistor formed in the pixel region and configured to transfer electric charge from the photoelectric conversion unit. The photoelectric conversion unit of the imaging element may be connected to a well of the pixel region, where the well of the pixel region has a negative potential.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present technique relates to an imaging element and an imagingapparatus and specifically relates to an imaging element and an imagingapparatus which are capable of reducing power consumption whilecontrolling deterioration of image quality.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of Japanese Priority PatentApplication JP 2014-034369 filed on Feb. 25, 2014, the entire contentsof which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND ART

Recently, as production techniques improve, electronic devices and/orelectronic circuits have become smaller and consume less power. Inaddition, it is further desired to design imaging elements such thatthey consume less power.

However, in an imaging element where a power supply potential is simplyreduced or otherwise lowered in order to achieve low power consumption,a pixel characteristic also changes and the image quality of an imagethat is read may be greatly deteriorated. Thus, decreasing noise andperforming low-voltage driving by connecting, to a negative powersupply, a light receiving element configured to perform photoelectricconversion has been considered (see, for example, Patent Literature 1).

CITATION LIST Patent Literature

PTL 1: JP 2009-117613 A

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem

However, in such a configuration and as described in Patent Literature1, when the ground potential is negative, an operating characteristic ofeach transistor in a pixel may be different from the configuration wherethe ground potential of the light receiving element is 0 V. Also, insuch embodiments, it has been necessary to use a depression-typetransistor. Thus, where the configuration described in Patent Literature1 is utilized, since it is not possible to use the same operatingcharacteristic of a transistor when the ground potential of the lightreceiving element is 0 V, it has been necessary to redesign theoperating characteristic of each transistor such that the pixelcharacteristic becomes optimal. Thus, difficulties in operation and adeterioration of the image quality may result.

The present technique has been proposed in view of the forgoingcircumstance in order to reduce power consumption while controlling adeterioration of image quality.

Solution to Problem

An imaging element of the present technique includes a pixel region inwhich a photoelectric conversion unit configured to photoelectricallyconvert incident light and a transistor configured to control a transferof a charge accumulated in the photoelectric conversion unit are formedas a unit pixel on a well, wherein the photoelectric conversion unit isconnected to a well potential of the pixel region, and the wellpotential of the pixel region is set as a negative potential.

A peripheral circuit region, in which a circuit to which the charge istransmitted as a signal from the unit pixel is formed, can be furtherincluded in an area outside of the pixel region, wherein the wellpotential of the pixel region may be set such that the well potential ofthe pixel region is lower than the well potential of the peripheralcircuit region.

A power supply potential of a circuit, including the photoelectricconversion unit and the transistor, can be configured such that it isidentical to the power supply potential of the circuit in the peripheralcircuit region.

The circuit may include an A/D conversion unit configured to perform A/Dconversion of the signal that is transmitted from the unit pixel.

A plurality of semiconductor substrates superimposed, or stacked, oneach other may be included, wherein the pixel region and the peripheralcircuit region may be respectively formed on the semiconductorsubstrates.

A negative potential generation unit, which is configured to generatethe well potential of the pixel region, may be further included in theperipheral circuit region.

The photoelectric conversion unit may include a photodiode connected tothe well potential of the pixel region; a readout transistor configuredto control readout from the photodiode; a reset transistor configured toreset floating diffusion region to which a charge read from thephotodiode is transferred; an amplifier transistor configured to amplifya potential of the floating diffusion region; and a selection transistorconfigured to control a transfer of a signal output from the amplifiertransistor.

A gate potential of the readout transistor when the readout transistoris off may be set such that the gate potential is lower than the wellpotential of the pixel region.

A negative potential generation unit, which is configured to generatethe gate potential when the readout transistor is off, may be includedin the peripheral circuit region.

An imaging apparatus of the present technique includes: an imagingelement including a pixel region in which a photoelectric conversionunit configured to photo-electrically convert incident light and atransistor configured to control a transfer of a charge accumulated inthe photoelectric conversion unit are formed as a unit pixel on a well.The photoelectric conversion unit may be connected to the well potentialof the pixel region, in which the well potential of the pixel region maybe set or otherwise configured as a negative potential; and an imageprocessing unit configured to perform image processing of an image of anobject.

In an aspect of the present technique, in an imaging element, aphotoelectric conversion unit configured to photoelectrically convertincident light and a transistor configured to control a transfer of acharge accumulated in the photoelectric conversion unit are formed, as aunit pixel, on a well in a pixel region. The photo-electric conversionunit is connected to a well potential of the pixel region and the wellpotential of the pixel region is set as a negative potential.

In another aspect of the present technique, in an imaging apparatus, aphotoelectric conversion unit configured to photoelectrically convertincident light and a transistor configured to control a transfer of acharge accumulated in the photoelectric conversion unit are formed, as aunit pixel, on a well in a pixel region. The photo-electric conversionunit is connected to a well potential of the pixel region and the wellpotential of the pixel region is set as a negative potential. An imageof an object, which is acquired in the pixel region, may be subjected tofurther image processing.

It is yet another aspect of the present disclosure to provide an imagingelement. The imaging element may include a photoelectric conversion unitformed in a pixel region and configured to convert light into electricalcharge, and a transistor formed in the pixel region and configured totransfer electric charge from the photoelectric conversion unit. Thephotoelectric conversion unit may be connected to a well of the pixelregion having a negative potential.

It is yet another aspect of the present disclosure to provide anelectronic apparatus. The electronic apparatus may include an opticalunit having one or more lenses, an analog to digital converter unit, andan image sensor unit including a plurality of unit pixels formed in apixel region and arranged in a two-dimensional matrix. Each unit pixelof the plurality of unit pixels may include a photoelectric conversionunit formed in the pixel region and configured to convert light intoelectrical charge and a transistor formed in the pixel region andconfigured to transfer electric charge from the photo-electricconversion unit. The photoelectric conversion unit may be connected to awell of the pixel region having a negative potential.

It is yet another aspect of the present disclosure to provide an imagingelement. The imaging element may include a photoelectric conversion unitconnected to a well of a pixel region having a negative potential andconfigured to convert light into electrical charge, a floating diffusionregion configured to generate a voltage according to an amount ofelectrical charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit, areset transistor configured to initialize an amount of electrical chargeaccumulated in the floating diffusion region, a readout transistorconfigured to transfer electric charge from the photoelectric conversionunit to the floating diffusion region, a negative voltage generator, anda switch, wherein in a first configuration, the switch electricallyconnects a gate of the readout transistor to a common power supplypotential, and in a second configuration, the switch electricallyconnects the gate of the readout transistor to a negative potentialprovided by the negative voltage generator, the negative potential beingless than the common power supply potential and the negative potentialof the pixel region.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

According to an embodiment of the present technique, a signal can beprocessed. Also, according to an embodiment of the present technique,the resolution and/or the image acquisition time may be improved.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a view illustrating a main configuration example of an imagingelement.

FIG. 2 is a view illustrating a different configuration example of theimaging element.

FIG. 3 is a view illustrating an example of each kind of potential.

FIG. 4 is a view illustrating an example of the potential in a case ofFIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a view illustrating a different example of each kind ofpotential.

FIG. 6 is a view illustrating an example of the potential in a case ofFIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a view illustrating a different configuration example of theimaging element.

FIG. 8 is a view illustrating a different configuration example of theimaging element.

FIG. 9 is a view illustrating an example of a negative voltagegeneration unit.

FIG. 10 is a view illustrating a different example of the negativevoltage generation unit.

FIG. 11 is a view illustrating a different example of each kind ofpotential.

FIG. 12 is a view illustrating an example of the potential in a case ofFIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a view illustrating a different configuration example of theimaging element.

FIG. 14 is a view illustrating a circuit example in a case of FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 is a view illustrating a main configuration example of animaging apparatus.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In the following, a mode to carry out the present disclosure(hereinafter, referred to as embodiment) will be described. Note thatthe description will be made in the following order.

-   -   1. Lowering power supply potential    -   2. First embodiment (imaging element)    -   3. Second embodiment (imaging element)    -   4. Third embodiment (imaging element)    -   5. Fourth embodiment (imaging apparatus)

1. Lowering Power Supply Potential Lower Potential and PixelCharacteristic

Recently, as production techniques have improved, each of an electronicdevice, an information processing apparatus, and the like become smalland tend to consume less power; thus, an electronic circuit provided,for example, as a component part thereof, also may be small and mayconsume less power. Similarly, it may be desired to utilize an imagingelement that consumes less power.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example configuration of an imaging element 10. Asillustrated in FIG. 1, in an imaging element 10, a pixel unit 11photoelectrically converts incident light to an electric signal andprovides this electric signal to an amplifier unit 12. The amplifierunit 12 amplifies the electric signal provided by the pixel unit 11 andprovides the amplified electric signal to a readout unit 13. The readoutunit 13 may then perform analog to digital (A/D) conversion of theelectric signal amplified in the amplifier unit 12 and read theconverted electric signal as image data. For example, the pixel unit 11,including a photodiode, a transistor, or the like, and the amplifierunit 12, including a transistor or the like, are formed as a unit pixelin a pixel region. The readout unit 13 includes an A/D conversion unit,or the like, and is formed, as a peripheral circuit of the pixel region,in an area outside of the pixel region (peripheral circuit region).

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the pixel unit 11, the amplifier unit 12, andthe readout unit 13 utilize a common power supply potential and groundpotential. That is, a potential, such as a voltage potential, of theground of the pixel unit 11 (hereinafter, also referred to as pixelground), a potential of the ground of the amplifier unit 12, and apotential of the ground of the readout unit 13 (hereinafter, alsoreferred to as circuit ground) are the same or substantially similar.

In the imaging element 10 of such a configuration, the power consumptionof the amplifier unit 12 and/or the readout unit 13 having the A/Dconversion unit, or the like, tends to be large. Thus, for example, whena power supply potential, such as a supply voltage, is reduced orotherwise lowered (when the potential is lowered) to reduce the powerconsumption of these units, the power supply potential of the pixel unit11 is also reduced or otherwise lowered and the pixel voltage rangebecomes narrower. Thus, a characteristic of a pixel, such as the numberof saturation electrons Qs or the completeness of charge transfer, isdeteriorated greatly and the quality of the acquired image data in theimaging element 10 may be likewise deteriorated.

Making the Gate Potential into a Negative Potential

Incidentally, in the unit pixel such as unit pixel 10, a method existsto control the generation of noise. In one embodiment, the generation ofnoise may be controlled by switching the gate potential, such as thegate voltage, to a negative potential, such as a negative voltage, whenthe readout transistor is turned off, where the read out transistorcontrols the readout of charge from the photodiode.

An example configuration of a portion of the imaging element isillustrated in FIG. 2. As illustrated in FIG. 2, in an imaging element20, incident light from an object is photoelectrically converted in aphotodiode (PD) 21 and is accumulated as a charge. A readout transistor22 controls the readout of a charge from the photodiode 21. The chargeread through the readout transistor 22 is provided to a floatingdiffusion region (FD). A reset transistor 23 resets the floatingdiffusion region. A charge of the floating diffusion region is amplifiedas a signal by an amplifier transistor 24 and is provided to a verticalsignal line (VSL) through a selection transistor 25. The vertical signalline (VSL) is connected to ground (hereinafter, also referred to ascircuit ground) through a current source 26 and is also connected to ananalog to digital converter (ADC) 27, which may be located in aperipheral circuit. An electric signal provided by the selectiontransistor 25 is provided to the ADC 27 through the vertical signal lineand is A/D converted. Then, the converted signal is output as digitaldata (pixel data), for example, to an outer part of the imaging element20. The gate potential of the readout transistor 22 may be switched tothe power supply potential (when being on) or low potential referencevoltage (VRL) (when being off) by a switch 29. A negative voltagegeneration unit 28 generates the potential of the VRL.

In one embodiment, the photodiode 21, the readout transistor 22, thereset transistor 23, the amplifier transistor 24, and the selecttransistor 25 are formed, as a unit pixel, in the pixel region, whilethe current source 26, the ADC 27, the negative voltage generation unit28, and the switch 29 are formed as a peripheral circuit in an areaoutside of the pixel region (also referred to as a peripheral circuitregion).

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the pixel region and the peripheral circuitregion may have a common power supply potential. The well potential ofthe pixel ground to which the photodiode 21 is connected, that of thecircuit ground to which the current source 26, the ADC 27, and thenegative voltage generation unit 28 are connected, and that of the pixelregion (that is the well potential 22A of the readout transistor 22, thewell potential 23A of the reset transistor 23, the well potential 24A ofthe amplifier transistor 24, and the well potential 25A of the selectiontransistor 25) are substantially identical. Also, when the readouttransistor 22 is off, the VRL to which the switch 29 is connected; thatis, the gate potential when the readout transistor 22 is off may beindependent from the above potential.

For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the negative voltage generationunit 28 sets a potential of the VRL as a negative potential such thatthe potential is lower than that of the circuit ground and the like. Inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, and asillustrated in FIG. 3, the power supply potential is set to 2.7 V andeach of the pixel ground, the circuit ground, and the well potential isset to 0 V. On the other hand, the low voltage reference potential VRLis set to −1.2 V. In such a manner, and as illustrated in FIG. 4, byincreasing a gate potential difference (for example, to 3.9 V) between acase where the readout transistor 22 is on and a case where the readouttransistor 22 is off, the number of saturation electrons Qs of thephotodiode 21 may be made adequately large and a complete transfer of acharge may be realized. That is, deterioration of image quality can becontrolled.

However, even if the gate potential is increased, when the power supplypotential is reduced or otherwise lowered, in order to reduce powerconsumption in the amplifier transistor 24, the selection transistor 25,the current source 26, and the ADC 27 and the like (for example, thepower consuming part), the power supply potential may be reduced to 1.8V. As illustrated in FIG. 5, a gate potential difference between thecase when the readout transistor 22 is on and the case when the readouttransistor 22 is off is reduced and may become 3 V, for example. Thus,as illustrated in FIG. 6, the number of saturation electrons Qs of thephotodiode 21 becomes small and therefore, it may become difficult tocause a number of saturation electrons Qs to be adequately large andrealize a complete transfer of a charge. That is, image quality may bedeteriorated.

Making Light Receiving Element into Negative Potential

Patent Literature 1 discloses reducing noise and performing low-voltagedriving by connecting, to a negative power supply, a light receivingelement configured to perform photoelectric conversion. However, in aconfiguration described in Patent Literature 1, because the groundpotential is negative, an operating characteristic of each transistor ina pixel changes greatly from that in a case where ground potential of alight receiving element is 0 V. In addition, since a well potential ofthe pixel region is 0 V, it has been necessary to use, as eachtransistor in the pixel, a depression-type transistor having a negativegate cut-off voltage. Thus, since it is not possible to use a designvalue for an operating characteristic for a transistor when the groundpotential of the light receiving element is 0 V, when the groundpotential is negative, it has been necessary to utilize a new designsuch that one or more pixel characteristics are optimal. Moreover,utilizing a pixel characteristic equivalent to that in a case where theground potential of the light receiving element is 0 V has not beenfeasible; thus, the pixel characteristic and image quality aredeteriorated.

2. FIRST EMBODIMENT Making Well Potential of Pixel Region into NegativePotential

Thus, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, theimaging element includes a pixel region in which a photoelectricconversion unit photoelectrically converts incident light and atransistor that controls the transfer of a charge accumulated in thephotoelectric conversion unit are formed as a unit pixel on a P-type orN-type well (i.e., a well formed in a substrate area). The photoelectricconversion unit is connected to the well potential of the pixel regionand the well potential of the pixel region is set as a negativepotential. Accordingly, it becomes possible to control the deteriorationof a pixel characteristic and to reduce power consumption whilecontrolling the deterioration of image quality.

In addition, and for example, such an imaging element may furtherinclude, in an area outside of the pixel region, a peripheral circuitregion in which a circuit, to which a charge is transmitted as a signalfrom the unit pixel, is formed and a well potential of the pixel regionmay be set to a potential that is lower than the well potential of theperipheral circuit region. Where the imaging element includes aperipheral circuit other than the configuration in the pixel region, bysetting the well potential of each region in such a manner, even when apotential difference between the power supply potential and the groundpotential of the peripheral circuit region is reduced or otherwiselowered, a potential difference between the power supply potential andthe ground potential of the pixel region can be maintained. Thus, it ispossible to control the deterioration of a pixel characteristic and toreduce power consumption while controlling the deterioration of imagequality.

Also, in such an imaging element, in a case where it is difficult todesign the power supply potential of both regions to be different fromeach other, the power supply potential of a circuit in the pixel regionthat includes the photoelectric conversion unit and the transistor maybe set to a substantially identical potential as that of the powersupply potential of a circuit in the peripheral circuit region. Asdescribed above, by making the power supply potential of both regionsidentical and by setting the well potential (ground potential) of thepixel region to a negative potential which is lower than the wellpotential (ground potential) of the peripheral circuit region, it ispossible to use a configuration design value where the ground potentialof the light receiving element is 0 V, such as that in the example inFIG. 1, and further to reduce power consumption while controlling thedeterioration of image quality.

In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, such animaging element may include, as a circuit in the peripheral circuitregion, an A/D conversion unit configured to perform A/D conversion of asignal transmitted from the unit pixel. When the imaging elementincludes, as a peripheral circuit, a circuit, such as the A/D conversionunit that may consume a large amount of power, reducing or otherwiselowering the power supply potential further reduces the consumption ofpower. Thus, it becomes important to utilize the above-describedconfiguration and to reduce power consumption while controlling thedeterioration of image quality.

In addition, such an imaging element may further include, in theperipheral circuit region, a negative potential generation unit thatgenerates the well potential of the pixel region. By generating the wellpotential (negative potential) of the pixel region in an inner part ofthe imaging element, it is not necessary to generate a negativepotential in an outer part of the imaging element. Thus, it becomespossible to utilize the imaging element, to which the present techniqueis applied, in a circuit where the imaging element includes aconfiguration where the ground potential of the light receiving elementis 0 V, such as that in the example in FIG. 1. Thus, the versatility ofthe imaging element is improved and it may be easier to design a circuitin a periphery of the imaging element which may reduce an associateddesign cost.

Imaging Element

A configuration example of such an imaging element to which the presenttechnique is applied is illustrated in FIG. 7. The imaging element 100,illustrated in FIG. 7, is a device that photoelectrically converts lighttransmitted from an object and outputs the converted light as imagedata. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the imaging element 100 includes a pixelunit 101, an amplifier unit 102, a readout unit (A/D conversion unit)103, and a negative voltage generator, such as a negative voltagegeneration unit 104.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the pixel unit101 includes a circuit having a photodiode, a transistor, and the like,and is formed as a unit pixel in the pixel region. The amplifier unit102 may include a circuit having a transistor, a current source, and thelike and may be formed in the pixel region and/or in an area that isoutside of the pixel region (peripheral pixel region). The readout unit103 generally includes a circuit having an A/D conversion unit or thelike and may be formed as a peripheral circuit of the pixel region in anarea outside of the pixel region (peripheral circuit region). Thenegative voltage generation unit 104 may be formed as a peripheralcircuit of the pixel region in an area outside of the pixel region(peripheral circuit region). The negative voltage generation unit 104may include, for example, a charge pump circuit as illustrated in FIG. 9and/or FIG. 10 which will be described later; a negative potential maybe generated by such a charge pump circuit.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, the pixel unit 101, the amplifier unit 102,the readout unit 103, and the negative voltage generation unit 104 mayinclude a common power supply potential also known as a common powersupply voltage. In addition, the pixel unit 101 may be connected topixel ground which is a ground of the pixel region. The amplifier unit102, the readout unit (A/D conversion unit) 103, and the negativevoltage generation unit 104 may be connected to the circuit ground whichis a ground located in the area outside of the pixel region (peripheralcircuit region).

The pixel unit 101 photoelectrically converts incident light from anobject and acquires a charge. The pixel unit 101 reads the charge andprovides the read charge to the amplifier unit 102. The amplifier unit102 amplifies an electric signal provided by the pixel unit 101 andprovides the amplified electric signal to the readout unit 13. Thereadout unit 103 performs A/D conversion of the electric signalamplified in the amplifier unit 102 and reads the converted electricsignal as image data.

The negative voltage generation unit 104 generates a negative potentialand provides the generated negative potential to the pixel ground. Thatis, the negative voltage generation unit 104 generates a negativepotential as the potential of the pixel ground. The negative voltagegeneration unit 104 sets the potential of a well (well potential), ofeach of the pixel ground and the pixel region, as a negative potentialthat is lower than the well potential of the circuit ground and theperipheral circuit region.

By forming such a configuration, in the imaging element 100, when thepower supply potential is reduced or otherwise lowered, the potential ofthe pixel ground may also be reduced or otherwise lowered in a similarmanner and independently from the circuit ground. Thus, it is possibleto provide an adequate potential difference (such as a potentialdifference similar to that in FIG. 1 where the power supply potential isnot lowered) as a potential difference between the power supplypotential and the pixel ground in the pixel unit 101. Accordingly, it isalso possible to control the deterioration of a characteristic of apixel, such as the number of saturation electrons Qs and/or thecompleteness of the charge transfer. That is, the imaging element 100may reduce power consumption while controlling the deterioration ofimage quality.

In addition, the well potential of the pixel region may also be reducedor otherwise lowered similar to that of the pixel ground. Thus, apotential difference between the power supply potential and the groundpotential or the well potential may be similar to the case where thepower supply potential is not lowered. That is, the operating potentialof each element may be shifted such that it includes the reducedpotential. Thus, an operating characteristic of each element, such as atransistor or a photodiode formed in the pixel unit 101, may be similarto that of the imaging element 10 in FIG. 1 where the power supplypotential is not reduced or otherwise lowered. That is, by using adesign value of the pixel unit 11 of the imaging element 10 in FIG. 1for the pixel unit 101 of the imaging element 100, the pixelcharacteristic of the pixel unit 101 may be similar to the pixelcharacteristic of the pixel unit 11. Thus, in utilizing the imagingelement 100, the cost of development, the development time, and the likemay be reduced. In addition, the imaging element 100 may reduce powerconsumption while controlling the deterioration of image quality.

3. SECOND EMBODIMENT Imaging Element

In the imaging element, the photoelectric conversion unit may include aphotodiode connected to the well potential of the pixel region, and thetransistor may include a readout transistor that controls a readout fromthe photodiode, a reset transistor that resets a floating diffusionregion to which a charge is read from the photodiode, an amplifiertransistor that amplifies a potential of the floating diffusion region,and a selection transistor that controls a transfer of a signal outputfrom the amplifier transistor.

As illustrated in the example in FIG. 2, when the readout transistor isoff, the gate potential may be set to a potential that is lower than thewell potential of the pixel region. Accordingly, when the power supplypotential is reduced or otherwise lowered, a gate potential differencebetween when the readout transistor is on and when the readouttransistor is off may be large. That is, the difference between thepotential of the gate of the readout transistor when the readouttransistor is off and the potential of the gate of the readouttransistor when the readout transistor is on may be large. Thus, it ispossible to control the generation of noise and the deterioration ofimage quality.

FIG. 8 illustrates a configuration example of a portion of an imagingelement. Similar to the imaging element 100, an imaging element 200, asillustrated in FIG. 8, is a device that photoelectrically converts lightfrom an object and outputs the converted light as image data. Asillustrated in FIG. 8, the imaging element 200 includes, as a unitpixel, a photodiode 211, a readout transistor 212, a reset transistor213, an amplifier transistor 214, and a selection transistor 215 in apixel region. In addition, the imaging element 200 includes, as aperipheral circuit in an area outside of the pixel region (peripheralcircuit region), a current source 216, an ADC 217, a negative voltagegeneration unit 218, and a switch 219.

The photodiode (PD) 211 photoelectrically converts the received lightinto a photo-electric charge (for example, a photoelectron), a quantityof which corresponds to a quantity of the received light, andaccumulates the photoelectric charge. An anode electrode of thephotodiode 211 is connected to the ground (pixel ground) of the pixelregion and a cathode electrode thereof is connected to a floatingdiffusion region (FD) through the readout transistor 212.

The readout transistor 212 controls the readout of a photoelectriccharge from the photodiode 211. A drain electrode of the readouttransistor 212 is connected to the floating diffusion region and asource electrode thereof is connected to a cathode electrode of thephotodiode 211. Also, a gate electrode of the readout transistor 212 isconnected to the switch 219 and gate potential is controlled by theswitch 219. When the gate potential of the readout transistor 212 issuch that the readout transistor 212 is off, the readout of thephotoelectric charge from the photodiode 211 is not performed; that is,the photoelectric charge is accumulated in photodiode 211. When the gatepotential of the readout transistor 212 is such that the readouttransistor 212 is on, the photoelectric charge accumulated in thephotodiode 211 is read and provided to the floating diffusion region.

The reset transistor 213 resets the potential of the floating diffusionregion. A drain electrode of the reset transistor 213 is connected tothe power supply potential and a source electrode thereof is connectedto the floating diffusion region. Also, a reset pulse (RST) is providedthrough a reset line (not illustrated) to the gate electrode of thereset transistor 213. When the reset transistor 213 is off, the floatingdiffusion region is separated from the power supply potential. When thereset pulse (RST) is provided to the gate electrode of the resettransistor 213, the reset transistor 213 is turned on. By discharging acharge in the floating diffusion region to the power supply potential,the floating diffusion region is reset.

The amplifier transistor 214 amplifies a potential charge in thefloating diffusion region (FD) and outputs the amplified charge as anelectric signal (analog signal). A gate electrode of the amplifiertransistor 214 is connected to the floating diffusion region (FD), adrain electrode of the amplifier transistor 214 is connected to thepower supply potential, and a source electrode of the amplifiertransistor is connected to a drain electrode of the selection transistor215. For instance, the amplifier transistor 214 outputs, as a resetsignal (reset level), a potential of the floating diffusion region (FD),reset by the reset transistor 213, to the selection transistor 215. Theamplifier transistor 214 outputs, as a light accumulation signal (signallevel), the potential of the floating diffusion region (FD) to which aphotoelectric charge is transferred from the readout transistor 212 tothe selection transistor 215.

The selection transistor 215 controls an output of the electric signal,which is provided by the amplifier transistor 214, to the verticalsignal line (VSL). The drain electrode of the selection transistor 215is connected to the source electrode of the amplifier transistor 214 anda source electrode of the selection transistor 215 is connected to thevertical signal line (VSL). Also, a selection pulse (SEL) is providedthrough a selection line (not illustrated) to a gate electrode of theselection transistor 215. When the selection transistor 215 is off, theamplifier transistor 214 and the vertical signal line (VSL) areelectrically separated from each other. Thus, in this state, a signal isnot output from the unit pixel. When the selection pulse (SEL) isprovided to the gate electrode, the selection transistor 215 is turnedon and the unit pixel is selected. That is, the amplifier transistor 214and the vertical signal line (VSL) are electrically connected to eachother and a signal output from an amplifier transistor 214 is providedas a signal of the unit pixel to the vertical signal line (VSL).

In FIG. 8, a configuration of one unit pixel is illustrated. However, aplurality of unit pixels may be arranged in the pixel region. Theplurality of unit pixels may be arranged in an arbitrary manner; morelikely however, is that the plurality of unit pixels are arranged in atwo-dimensional matrix. The vertical signal line (VSL) is a signal linethat transmits, to the ADC 217, a signal output from a unit pixel in anassigned column among the plurality of unit pixels in the pixel region.The vertical signal line VSL is connected to a source electrode of aselection transistor 215, a current source 216, and an ADC 217 in theassigned unit pixel.

The current source 216 indicates a load of a peripheral circuitconnected to the vertical signal line (VSL). The current source 216 isconnected to the vertical signal line (VSL) and ground (circuit ground)of the peripheral circuit.

The ADC 217 performs A/D conversion of a signal provided by each unitpixel through the vertical signal line (VSL) and outputs digital data toa processing unit (not illustrated) in the following stage or to anouter part of the imaging element 200. The ADC 217 is connected to thevertical signal line (VSL). Also, the ADC 217 is connected to the powersupply potential and the circuit ground and may be driven by poweracquired therefrom.

Similar to the negative voltage generation unit 104 (FIG. 7), thenegative voltage generation unit 218, or negative voltage generator,generates a negative potential for the pixel ground and provides thenegative potential as the pixel ground to each unit pixel. The negativepotential provided to each of the unit pixels may be considered a firstnegative potential. In addition, the negative voltage generation unit218 generates a negative potential for the low voltage referencepotential VRL other than that for the pixel ground and provides thenegative potential as the low voltage reference potential VRL to a pixelscanning unit (not illustrated) to control an operation of each unitpixel. The negative potential for the low voltage reference potentialVRL may be considered a second negative potential. The negative voltagegeneration unit 218 may be connected to the power supply potential andthe circuit ground and may be driven by power acquired therefrom. Thepower supply potential is greater than the low voltage referencepotential VRL, the pixel ground, and the circuit ground.

Similar to the negative voltage generation unit 104, the negativevoltage generation unit 218 may include a charge pump circuit and maygenerate a negative potential with the charge pump circuit. In FIG. 9,an example of the charge pump circuit is illustrated. Note that in anexample in FIG. 9, the number of stages of the charge pump circuit isillustrated as one, but the number of stages of the charge pump circuitmay be more than one. For example, there may be two stages asillustrated in an example in FIG. 10, or there may be three or morestages. By increasing the number of stages of the charge pump circuit,the negative voltage generation unit 218 can generate a greater negativepotential.

The negative voltage generation unit 218 may include a charge pumpcircuit to generate a negative potential, such as a negative voltage,for the pixel ground and a charge pump circuit to generate a negativepotential for the VRL. That is, the charge pump circuit that generates anegative potential for the pixel ground may be different from the chargepump circuit that generates a negative potential for the VRL.Alternatively, or in addition, the charge pump circuit that generates anegative potential for the pixel ground may be the same as the chargepump circuit that generates a negative potential for the VRL; in such aninstance, the charge pump may generate a plurality of negativepotentials.

The potential of the pixel ground (pixel ground potential) and thepotential of a well in the pixel region (well potential) are identical.That is, similar to the pixel ground potential, well potential 212A ofthe readout transistor 212, well potential 213A of the reset transistor213, well potential 214A of the amplifier transistor 214, and wellpotential 215A of the selection transistor 215 are set to the negativepotential generated by the negative voltage generation unit 218. Inother words, the negative voltage generation unit 218 provides thegenerated negative potential to the pixel ground potential and to thewell potential of the pixel region and further sets such a potential tothe negative potential.

The pixel scanning unit is formed in an area that is outside of thepixel region (peripheral circuit region) and controls an operation (suchas the readout of charge) of each unit pixel, for example, by providingthe reset pulse (RST), the selection pulse (SEL), or the like to eachunit pixel. Also, the pixel scanning unit includes the switch 219 andprovides, to the gate electrode of the readout transistor 212, a readoutpulse that controls an operation of the readout transistor 212 byswitching a connection of the switch 219.

The switch 219 is formed as a pixel scanning unit in the area that isoutside of the pixel region (peripheral circuit region) and is anelement that switches, or selects, a connection destination of the gateelectrode of the readout transistor 212. The switch 219 connects thegate electrode of the readout transistor 212 to the power supplypotential or to the low voltage reference potential VRL. The VRL is setas the negative potential generated by the negative voltage generationunit 218. When the switch 219 connects the gate electrode of the readouttransistor 212 to the power supply potential, the readout transistor 212is turned on. Also, when the switch 219 connects the gate electrode ofthe readout transistor 212 to the VRL, the readout transistor 212 isturned off.

Note that similar to the negative voltage generation unit 28 in FIG. 2,the negative voltage generation unit 218 sets the low voltage referencepotential VRL, that is the gate potential of the readout transistor whenthe readout transistor is off, such that the gate potential of thereadout transistor is lower than the pixel ground potential (that is,the well potential of pixel region). For example, and similar to theimaging element 20, in the imaging element 200, the pixel groundpotential is set such that a gate potential difference between when thereadout transistor 212 is on and when the readout transistor 22 islarge. Thus, as compared to the imaging element 100, the number ofsaturation electrons Qs of the photodiode 211 can be adequately largeand a complete transfer of a charge can be realized. That is,deterioration of the image quality can be controlled.

Also, similar to the negative voltage generation unit 104 (FIG. 7), thenegative voltage generation unit 218 sets or makes the pixel groundpotential (that is, well potential of pixel region) such that the pixelground potential is lower than that of the circuit ground potential.Thus, the VRL is set much lower than the pixel ground potential.

Thus, when the power supply potential is reduced or otherwise lowered,in a manner as illustrated in FIG. 11, in order to reduce powerconsumption in the amplifier transistor 214, the selection transistor215, the current source 216, the ADC 217, and the like (power consumingpart), the negative voltage generation unit 218 sets the pixel groundpotential to −0.9 V and sets the VRL to −2.1 V. That is, the pixelground and VRL are reduced or otherwise lowered similar to power supplypotential. Thus, a gate potential difference between when the readouttransistor 212 is on and when the readout transistor 212 is off can bemaintained at 3.9 V similar to the case of FIG. 3, and thus anadequately large potential difference can be maintained. That is, asillustrated in FIG. 12, the imaging element 200 is configured such thatthe number of saturation electrons Qs of the photodiode 211 aresufficiently large similar to the case of FIG. 4, and thus a completetransfer of a charge may be realized. Thus, the imaging element 200 mayreduce power consumption while controlling deterioration of the imagequality.

Note, that in such a case and similar to the imaging element 100, thewell potential of the pixel region may also be reduced or otherwiselowered similar to the pixel ground. Thus, the potential differencebetween the power supply potential and the ground potential or the wellpotential may be similar to the case where the power supply potential isnot reduced or otherwise lowered. That is, the operating potential ofeach element may be shifted such that it includes the lower potential orlower voltage. Thus, an operating characteristic of each element, suchas a photodiode 211, readout transistor 212, reset transistor 213, andthe selection transistor 215 in the pixel region may be similar to thatof the case of the imaging element 20 in FIG. 2, in which the powersupply potential is not reduced or otherwise lowered. That is, by usinga design value of each element of the imaging element 20 in FIG. 2 foreach element of the imaging element 200, a pixel characteristic of theimaging element 200 may be similar to the pixel characteristic of theimaging element 20. Thus, in utilizing the imaging element 200, the costof development, the development time, and the like may be reduced. Inaddition, the imaging element 200 may reduce power consumption whilecontrolling the deterioration of image quality.

4. THIRD EMBODIMENT Imaging Element

The imaging element to which the present technique is applied mayinclude a plurality of semiconductor substrates which are superimposed,or stacked, on each other. In addition, a pixel region and a peripheralcircuit region may be respectively formed on the semiconductorsubstrates.

FIG. 13 illustrates a configuration of an example of the imaging elementto which the present technique is applied. Similar to the imagingelement 100 and the imaging element 200, an imaging element 300illustrated in FIG. 13 images an object and acquires digital data of thecorresponding image. As illustrated in FIG. 13, the imaging element 300includes two semiconductor substrates (laminated chip 301 and laminatedchip 302) superimposed on each other. Note that the number of layers ofthe semiconductor substrates (laminated chip) may be greater than twoand may be, for example, three or more.

In the laminated chip 301 (also referred to as pixel chip), a pixelregion 301A, in which a plurality of unit pixels each of which includesa photoelectric conversion element to photoelectrically convert incidentlight, is formed. The plurality of unit pixels may be arranged in anarbitrary manner; more likely however, is that the plurality of unitpixels are arranged in a two-dimensional matrix. Also, in the laminatedchip 302, a peripheral circuit region 302A is formed which may include aperipheral circuit that processes a pixel signal that is read from thepixel region 301A.

As described above, the laminated chip 301 and the laminated chip 302are superimposed on each other and form a multi-layer structure(laminated structure). That is, the laminated chip 301 and the laminatedchip 302 may be stacked to form a multi-layer structure. Each pixel inthe pixel region 301A, formed in the laminated chip 301, and a circuitin the peripheral circuit region 302A, formed in the laminated chip 302,are electrically connected to each other by a through via (VIA) or thelike, which is formed in each of a VIA 301B and a VIA 302B.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a configuration of a circuit of theimaging element 300. As illustrated in FIG. 14, the imaging element 300may be configured similar to that of the imaging element 200. In thepixel region 301A of the laminated chip (pixel chip) 301, a photodiode311 similar to the photodiode 211, a readout transistor 312 similar tothe readout transistor 212, a reset transistor 313 similar to the resettransistor 213, an amplifier transistor 314 similar to the amplifiertransistor 214, and a selection transistor 315 similar to the selectiontransistor 215 are formed as a unit pixel. In FIG. 14, a configurationof one unit pixel is illustrated. However, a plurality of unit pixelsmay be arranged in a predetermined arrangement in the pixel region 301A.For example, the plurality of unit pixels may be arranged in atwo-dimensional matrix.

Also, in the peripheral circuit region 302A of the laminated chip(circuit chip) 302, a current source 316 similar to the current source216, an ADC 317 similar to the ADC 217, and a negative voltagegeneration unit 318 similar to the negative voltage generation unit 218are formed. The negative voltage generator, such as a negative voltagegeneration unit 318, generates a negative potential and provides thenegative potential, as pixel ground or well potential, to the pixelregion 301A in the laminated chip 301.

Accordingly, the imaging element 300, the pixel region 301A (unitpixel), and the peripheral circuit region 302A (peripheral circuit) areformed respectively on the laminated chips. Thus, by setting the wellpotential of each laminated chip independently, a configuration of theabove-described imaging element 100 or imaging element 200 may berealized.

For example, in one semiconductor substrate, a pixel region and an areaoutside of the pixel region (such as peripheral circuit region) areformed and a well potential is different in such regions as describedabove. For example, the pixel ground potential and circuit groundpotential are different from each other. Accordingly, it may benecessary to form, in a semiconductor substrate, a plurality of regionshaving different well potentials; thus, designing and producing such asemiconductor substrate may be difficult.

On the other hand, and as illustrated by the imaging element 300, byrespectively forming a pixel region and an area outside of the pixelregion (such as peripheral circuit region) on laminated chips, one wellpotential in each of the laminated chips may be configured such that thewell potential is common in the pixel region and the area outside of thepixel region (such as peripheral circuit region). Thus, the design andproduction of such a configuration may be easier.

Note, that in the example of FIG. 14, the negative voltage generationunit 318 may also set the VRL in a manner that is similar to how VRL isset for the imaging element 200. In such a case, the switch 219 (pixelscanning unit) may be formed in the laminated chip 302, in the laminatedchip 301, or in a different laminated chip.

5. FOURTH EMBODIMENT Imaging Apparatus

The application of the present technique is not limited to an imagingelement. For example, the present technique may be applied to anapparatus and/or electronic device, such as an imaging apparatus, whichincludes an imaging element. FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating aconfiguration of an imaging apparatus that is an example of anelectronic device to which the present technique is applied. An imagingapparatus 600 illustrated in FIG. 15 may be an apparatus that images anobject and outputs an image of the object as an electric signal.

As illustrated in FIG. 15, the imaging apparatus 600 may include but isnot limited to an optical unit 611, a CMOS sensor 612, an A/D converter613, an operation unit 614, a control unit 615, an image processing unit616, a display unit 617, a codec processing unit 618, and a recordingunit 619.

The optical unit 611 includes a lens to adjust a focal point of theobject and to collect light from a focused position, a diaphragm toadjust exposure, a shutter to control a timing associated with theimage, and the like. The optical unit 611 transmits the light (incidentlight) from the object and provides the light to the CMOS sensor 612.

The CMOS sensor 612 photoelectrically converts the incident light andprovides a signal (pixel signal) of each pixel to the A/D converter 613.

The A/D converter 613 converts the pixel signal, which may be providedby the CMOS sensor 612 at a predetermined timing, into digital data(image data) and serially provides the digital data to the imageprocessing unit 616 at a predetermined timing.

The CMOS sensor 612 and the A/D converter 613 may be integrated orotherwise formed as a single module such as an imaging element 621(imaging unit). Alternatively, or in addition, the CMOS sensor 612 andthe A/D converter 613 may be formed as separate modules.

The operation unit 614 includes, for example, a jog dial (TM), a key, abutton, and/or a touch panel. The operation unit 614 receives anoperation input performed by a user and provides a signal correspondingto the operation input to the control unit 615.

Based on the signal corresponding to the operation input, which is inputby the user with the operation unit 614, the control unit 615 controlsthe driving of the optical unit 611, the CMOS sensor 612, the A/Dconverter 613, the image processing unit 616, the display unit 617, thecodec processing unit 618, and the recording unit 619 and causes eachunit to perform processing related to imaging.

The image processing unit 616 performs image processing of the imagedata acquired by imaging. Specifically, the image processing unit 616performs, on the image data provided by the A/D converter 613 (imagingelement 621), various kinds of image processing functions, such as colormixture correction, black level correction, white balance adjustment,demosaic processing, matrix processing, gamma correction, or YCconversion. The image processing unit 616 provides image data, on whichimage processing is performed, to a display unit 817 and the codecprocessing unit 618.

The display unit 617 is configured, for example, as a liquid crystaldisplay and displays an image of the object based on the image dataprovided by the image processing unit 616.

The codec processing unit 618 performs coding processing of apredetermined method on the image data provided by the image processingunit 616 and provides the acquired coded data to the recording unit 619.

The recording unit 619 records the coded data from the codec processingunit 618. The coded data recorded in the recording unit 619 is read anddecoded by the image processing unit 616 when necessary. The image dataacquired by the decoding processing is provided to the display unit 817and a corresponding image is displayed.

As the imaging element 621, including the CMOS sensor 612 and the A/Dconverter 613 of the imaging apparatus 600 described above, theabove-described present technique may be applied. That is, the imagingelement of the above-described embodiment may be used. Accordingly, theimaging element 621 may reduce power consumption while controllingdeterioration of the image quality. Thus, by imaging an object, theimaging apparatus 600 may acquire an image of high image quality whilecontrolling an increase in power consumption.

Note that a configuration of the imaging apparatus to which the presenttechnique is applied is not limited to the above-described configurationand may be a different configuration. For example, the imaging apparatusmay not only be a digital still camera or a video camera but may also bean information processing apparatus, which includes an imaging function,such as a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet device, and/or a personalcomputer. Also, the imaging apparatus may be a camera module used bybeing coupled (or embedded as built-in device) to a differentinformation processing apparatus.

Also, a configuration described as one apparatus (or processing unit) inthe above description may be divided and may be configured as aplurality of apparatuses (or processing units). Alternatively, aconfiguration described as a plurality of apparatuses (or processingunits) in the above may be integrated and configured as one apparatus(or processing unit). Also, a configuration other than what has beendescribed above may be added to a configuration of each apparatus (oreach processing unit). Moreover, a part of a configuration of a certainapparatus (or processing unit) may be included in a configuration of adifferent apparatus, or different processing unit, as long as aconfiguration or an operation of a system as a whole is substantiallythe same.

In the above description, a preferred embodiment of the presentdisclosure has been described in detail with reference to the attacheddrawings. However, the technical scope of the present disclosure is notlimited to the above example. While these embodiments have beendescribed in conjunction with a number of embodiments, it is evidentthat many alternatives, modifications, and variations would be or areapparent to those of ordinary skill in the applicable arts. Accordingly,it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications,equivalents, and variations that are within the sprit and scope of thepresent disclosure including the claims.

Note that the present technique may include the following configuration.

(1) An imaging element comprising:

a photoelectric conversion unit formed in a pixel region and configuredto convert light into electrical charge; and

a transistor formed in the pixel region and configured to transferelectric charge from the photoelectric conversion unit, wherein thephotoelectric conversion unit is connected to a well of the pixel regionhaving a negative potential.

(2) The imaging element according to (1) above, further comprising aswitch, wherein in a first configuration, the switch connects a gate ofthe transistor to a power supply potential, and in a secondconfiguration, the switch connects the gate of the transistor to anegative potential other than the negative potential of the pixelregion.

(3) The imaging element according to (1) or (2) above, wherein thenegative potential of the pixel region is between a negative potentialof the gate of the transistor and a potential of the power supply.

(4) The imaging element according to any one of (1) to (3) above,further comprising a negative voltage generator configured to providethe negative potential of the pixel region.

(5) The imaging element according to (4) above, wherein the negativevoltage generator is connected to a circuit ground having a potentialthat is different from the negative potential of the gate of thetransistor and the voltage of the power supply.

(6) The imaging element of according to any one of (1) to (5) above,further comprising:

a floating diffusion region configured to generate a voltage accordingto an amount of electrical charge transferred from the photoelectricconversion unit;

a reset transistor configured to reset the floating diffusion region;and

an amplifier transistor connected to the floating diffusion region and apixel signal line, wherein the amplifier transistor is configured toamplify a potential of the floating diffusion region.

(7) The imaging element according to (6) above, wherein the well of oneor more of the transistor, the reset transistor, and the amplifiertransistor are connected to the pixel region having the negativepotential.

(8) The imaging element according to any one of (1) to (7) above,wherein the well of the transistor is connected to the pixel regionhaving the negative potential.

(9) The imaging element according to any one of (1) to (8) above,further comprising: a peripheral circuit region having a well potentialthat is different from the potential of the well of the pixel region,wherein the peripheral circuit region includes a negative voltagegenerator that provides the negative potential of the pixel region.

(10) The imaging element according to (9) above, wherein the pixelregion is formed in a first semiconductor substrate and the peripheralcircuit region is formed in a second semiconductor substrate.

(11) The imaging element according to (10) above, wherein the firstsemiconductor substrate and the second semiconductor substrate form amultilayer structure.

(12) An electronic apparatus comprising:

an optical unit having one or more lenses;

an analog to digital converter unit; and

an image sensor unit including a plurality of unit pixels formed in apixel region and arranged in a two-dimensional matrix, wherein each unitpixel of the plurality of unit pixels includes:

a photoelectric conversion unit formed in the pixel region andconfigured to convert light into electrical charge; and

a transistor formed in the pixel region and configured to transferelectric charge from the photoelectric conversion unit, wherein thephotoelectric conversion unit is connected to a well of the pixel regionhaving a negative potential.

(13) The electronic apparatus according to (12) above, furthercomprising a switch, wherein in a first configuration, the switchconnects a gate of the transistor to a power supply potential, and in asecond configuration, the switch connects the gate of the transistor toa negative potential other than the negative potential of the pixelregion.

(14) The electronic apparatus according to (12) or (13) above, whereinthe negative potential of the pixel region is between a negativepotential of the gate of the transistor and a potential of the powersupply.

(15) The electronic apparatus according to any one of (12) to (14)above, further comprising a negative voltage generator configured toprovide the negative potential of the pixel region.

(16) The electronic apparatus according to (15) above, wherein thenegative voltage generator is connected to a circuit ground having apotential that is different from the negative potential of the gate ofthe transistor and the voltage of the power supply.

(17) The electronic apparatus of according to any one of (12) to (16)above, further comprising:

a floating diffusion region configured to generate a voltage accordingto an amount of electrical charge transferred from the photoelectricconversion unit;

a reset transistor configured to reset the floating diffusion region;and

an amplifier transistor connected to the floating diffusion region and apixel signal line, wherein the amplifier transistor is configured toamplify a potential of the floating diffusion region.

(18) The electronic apparatus according to (17) above, wherein the wellof one or more of the transistor, the reset transistor, and theamplifier transistor are connected to the pixel region having thenegative potential.

(19) The electronic apparatus according to any one of (12) to (18)above, wherein the well of the transistor is connected to the pixelregion having the negative potential.

(20) An imaging element comprising:

a photoelectric conversion unit connected to a well of a pixel regionhaving a negative potential and configured to convert light intoelectrical charge;

a floating diffusion region configured to generate a voltage accordingto an amount of electrical charge transferred from the photoelectricconversion unit;

a reset transistor configured to initialize an amount of electricalcharge accumulated in the floating diffusion region;

a readout transistor configured to transfer electric charge from thephotoelectric conversion unit to the floating diffusion region;

a negative voltage generator; and

a switch,

wherein in a first configuration, the switch electrically connects agate of the readout transistor to a common power supply potential, andin a second configuration, the switch electrically connects the gate ofthe readout transistor to a negative potential provided by the negativevoltage generator, the negative potential being less than the commonpower supply potential and the negative potential of the pixel region.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

100 imaging element

101 pixel unit

102 amplifier unit

103 readout unit

104 negative voltage generation unit

200 imaging element

211 photodiode

212 readout transistor

213 reset transistor

214 amplifier transistor

215 selection transistor

216 current source

217 ADC

218 negative voltage generation unit

219 switch

300 imaging element

301 pixel chip

302 circuit chip

311 photodiode

312 readout transistor

313 reset transistor

314 amplifier transistor

315 selection transistor

316 current source

317 ADC

318 negative voltage generation unit

600 imaging apparatus

612 CMOS sensor

613 A/D converter

621 imaging element

1. An imaging element comprising: a photoelectric conversion unit formedin a pixel region and configured to convert light into electricalcharge; and a transistor formed in the pixel region and configured totransfer electric charge from the photoelectric conversion unit, whereinthe photoelectric conversion unit is connected to a well of the pixelregion having a negative potential.
 2. The imaging element of claim 1,further comprising a switch, wherein in a first configuration, theswitch connects a gate of the transistor to a power supply potential,and in a second configuration, the switch connects the gate of thetransistor to a negative potential other than the negative potential ofthe pixel region.
 3. The imaging element of claim 2, wherein thenegative potential of the pixel region is between a negative potentialof the gate of the transistor and a potential of the power supply. 4.The imaging element of claim 2, further comprising a negative voltagegenerator configured to provide the negative potential of the pixelregion.
 5. The imaging element of claim 4, wherein the negative voltagegenerator is connected to a circuit ground having a potential that isdifferent from the negative potential of the gate of the transistor andthe voltage of the power supply.
 6. The imaging element of claim 2,further comprising: a floating diffusion region configured to generate avoltage according to an amount of electrical charge transferred from thephotoelectric conversion unit; a reset transistor configured to resetthe floating diffusion region; and an amplifier transistor connected tothe floating diffusion region and a pixel signal line, wherein theamplifier transistor is configured to amplify a potential of thefloating diffusion region.
 7. The imaging element of claim 6, whereinthe well of one or more of the transistor, the reset transistor, and theamplifier transistor are connected to the pixel region having thenegative potential.
 8. The imaging element of claim 1, wherein the wellof the transistor is connected to the pixel region having the negativepotential.
 9. The imaging element of claim 1, further comprising: aperipheral circuit region having a well potential that is different fromthe potential of the well of the pixel region, wherein the peripheralcircuit region includes a negative voltage generator that provides thenegative potential of the pixel region.
 10. The imaging element of claim9, wherein the pixel region is formed in a first semiconductor substrateand the peripheral circuit region is formed in a second semiconductorsubstrate.
 11. The imaging element of claim 10, wherein the firstsemiconductor substrate and the second semiconductor substrate form amultilayer structure.
 12. An electronic apparatus comprising: an opticalunit having one or more lenses; an analog to digital converter unit; andan image sensor unit including a plurality of unit pixels formed in apixel region and arranged in a two-dimensional matrix, wherein each unitpixel of the plurality of unit pixels includes: a photoelectricconversion unit formed in the pixel region and configured to convertlight into electrical charge; and a transistor formed in the pixelregion and configured to transfer electric charge from the photoelectricconversion unit, wherein the photoelectric conversion unit is connectedto a well of the pixel region having a negative potential.
 13. Theelectronic apparatus of claim 12, further comprising a switch, whereinin a first configuration, the switch connects a gate of the transistorto a power supply potential, and in a second configuration, the switchconnects the gate of the transistor to a negative potential other thanthe negative potential of the pixel region.
 14. The electronic apparatusof claim 13, wherein the negative potential of the pixel region isbetween a negative potential of the gate of the transistor and apotential of the power supply.
 15. The electronic apparatus of claim 13,further comprising a negative voltage generator configured to providethe negative potential of the pixel region.
 16. The electronic apparatusof claim 15, wherein the negative voltage generator is connected to acircuit ground having a potential that is different from the negativepotential of the gate of the transistor and the voltage of the powersupply.
 17. The electronic apparatus of claim 13, further comprising: afloating diffusion region configured to generate a voltage according toan amount of electrical charge transferred from the photoelectricconversion unit; a reset transistor configured to reset the floatingdiffusion region; and an amplifier transistor connected to the floatingdiffusion region and a pixel signal line, wherein the amplifiertransistor is configured to amplify a potential of the floatingdiffusion region.
 18. The electronic apparatus of claim 17, wherein thewell of one or more of the transistor, the reset transistor, and theamplifier transistor are connected to the pixel region having thenegative potential.
 19. The electronic apparatus of claim 12, whereinthe well of the transistor is connected to the pixel region having thenegative potential.
 20. An imaging element comprising: a photoelectricconversion unit connected to a well of a pixel region having a negativepotential and configured to convert light into electrical charge; afloating diffusion region configured to generate a voltage according toan amount of electrical charge transferred from the photoelectricconversion unit; a reset transistor configured to initialize an amountof electrical charge accumulated in the floating diffusion region; areadout transistor configured to transfer electric charge from thephotoelectric conversion unit to the floating diffusion region; anegative voltage generator; and a switch, wherein in a firstconfiguration, the switch electrically connects a gate of the readouttransistor to a common power supply potential, and in a secondconfiguration, the switch electrically connects the gate of the readouttransistor to a negative potential provided by the negative voltagegenerator, the negative potential being less than the common powersupply potential and the negative potential of the pixel region.